Spatial Analysis and Risk Factor Association of Pneumonia Cases Among Under-Five Children in Surakarta City

Della Hani Septiana; Dian Budi Santoso

doi:10.47134/ijhis.v3i2.74

Authors

Della Hani Septiana Universitas Gadjah Madha
Dian Budi Santoso Universitas Gadjah Mada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47134/ijhis.v3i2.74

Keywords:

GIS, Multivariate Analysis, pneumonia in toddlers, Spatial Analysis

Abstract

The increasing number of pneumonia cases among under-five children in Surakarta City over the past three years indicates the need for preventive measures to curb the rise. Spatial analysis and risk factor assessment are essential tools for understanding the geographical distribution and contributing determinants of pneumonia in young children.; (1) Background: To analyze the spatial distribution and associations between risk factors and pneumonia cases among under-five children in Surakarta City.; (2) Methods: This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design; (3) Results: Multivariate regression showed that poor nutrition, population density, rainfall, and humidity significantly influenced pneumonia prevalence.; (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of pneumonia in toddlers shows a high level of vulnerability in Sangkrah subdistrict. The Health Office of Surakarta City can intervene with priority level 1 area.

References

[1] WHO, “Pneumonia in children,” 11 November. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia

[2] UNICEF, “Pneumonia in Children Statistics,” November. [Online]. Available: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/pneumonia/

[3] Kemenkes RI, Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2019. 2020.

[4] UNICEF, “Kenali 6 Fakta tentang Pneumonia pada Anak,” 31 January 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/kesehatan/cerita/kenali-6-fakta-tentang-pneumonia-pada-anak

[5] Bappenas, Roadmap of SDGs Indonesia : A Hihglight. 2019.

[6] E. Subandi, “Hubungan Status Gizi Balita dengan Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita di Desa Sutawangi Wilayah Kerja UPTD Puskesmas DTP Jatiwangi Tahun 2019,” Jurnal Health Sains, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 25–31, 2020, doi: 10.46799/jsa.v1i2.31.

[7] V. N. Sutriana, M. N. Sitaresmi, and A. Wahab, “Risk factors for childhood pneumonia: a case-control study in a high prevalence area in Indonesia,” Clin Exp Pediatr, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 588–595, 2021, doi: 10.3345/CEP.2020.00339.

[8] Y. Yusdiana, S. Sukendi, Y. I. Siregar, and D. Afandi, “Spatial Modeling of Risk Factors for Under-Five Pneumonia in Rokan Hilir District, Indonesia,” Afr J Infect Dis, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 15–31, 2025, doi: 10.21010/Ajidv19i2.3.

[9] F. El Syani, Budiono, and M. Raharjo, “Kejadian Penyakit Pneumonia Balita Dengan Pendekatan Analisis Spasial Di Kecamatan Semarang Utara,” Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (e-Journal), vol. 3, no. 3, p. 732, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/18556-ID-hubungan-faktor-risiko-lingkungan-terhadap-kejadian-penyakit-pneumonia-balita-de.pdf

[10] C. Lu, W. Yang, M. Lan, B. Li, and F. Wang, “Effects of intrauterine and postnatal exposure to meteorological factors on childhood pneumonia,” Build Environ, vol. 244, no. July, p. 110800, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110800.

[11] I. U. Latifah and L. Fitria, “Analisis Spasial Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kabupaten Cirebon Tahun 2014-2018,” Jurnal Nasional Kesehatan Lingkungan Global, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 162–171, 2021, doi: 10.7454/jnklg.v2i3.1011.

[12] L. A. Real and R. Biek, “Spatial dynamics and genetics of infectious diseases on heterogeneous landscapes,” J R Soc Interface, vol. 4, no. 16, pp. 935–948, 2007, doi: 10.1098/rsif.2007.1041.

[13] I. Wasliah and H. Bahtiar, “Efektifitas Penerapan Manajemen Terpadu Balita Sakit ( Mtbs ) Terhadap Kesembuhan Ispa Balita Diwilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tanjung Karang,” Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Yarsi Mataram, vol. 12, no. 02, pp. 67–76, 2022, doi: 10.57267/jisym.v12i02.191.

[14] G. F. Qothrunnida, O. T. D. R., A. Zaini, and A. D. Erawati, “Analisis Tren Temporal Kasus Penyakit Pernapasan Berdasarkan ICD-10 Kota Semarang,” MANUJU: MALAHAYATI NURSING JOURNAL, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2728–2741, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v7i6.20299.

[15] N. Lelijveld et al., “Chronic disease outcomes after severe acute malnutrition in Malawian children (ChroSAM): a cohort study,” Lancet Glob Health, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. e654–e662, 2016, doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30133-4.

[16] M. Susanti and A. Juliaty, “Marasmus and stunting in 2-month-old boy with pneumatocele,” Universa Medicina, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 263–269, 2021, doi: 10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.263-269.

[17] G. E. N. Liwongan, S. E. S. Kawengian, and A. S. L. Bolang, “Hubungan Antara Riwayat Penyakit Infeksi dengan Status Gizi Anak di SD Negeri 72 Manado,” Jurnal Global Ilmiah, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1–14, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://jgi.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ji

[18] P. Rahima, M. Maidartati, S. Hayati, and N. Hartinah, “Hubungan Kejadian Pneumonia Dengan Pemberian Asi Eksklusif Pada Balita,” Jurnal Keperawatan BSI, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 122–129, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://ejurnal.ars.ac.id/index.php/keperawatan/article/view/849

[19] E. Badriah and Indana, “Pneumonia in Toddlers: Association of Characteristics and Nutritional Status,” Journal of Applied Food and Nutrition, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 52–59, 2022, doi: 10.17509/jafn.v2i2.42720.

[20] D. K. Kiptiyah, Farianingsih, and H. Rohmatin, “Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Rendahnya Pemberian ASI Eksklusif Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Low Exclusive Breastfeeding,” vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 32–38, 2023.

[21] L. Jin, J. Xie, T. He, D. Wu, and X. Li, “Technology Airborne transmission as an integral environmental dimension of antimicrobial resistance through the ‘ One Health ’ lens,” Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, vol. 52, no. 23, pp. 4172–4193, 2022, doi: 10.1080/10643389.2021.2006537.

[22] S. S. Aurellia, “Hubungan Kepadatan Penduduk dan Pneumonia pada Balita di Provinsi Jawa Timur Tahun 2020-2022,” Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusasi, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 4175–4181, 2025.

[23] Y. Harnani, R. Hamidy, S. Sukendi, and D. Afandi, “Pengaruh musim terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Kabupaten Pelalawan,” Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 39, 2022, doi: 10.31258/dli.9.1.p.39-44.

[24] EPA, “Climate Change Impact on Health,” EPA. Accessed: Jun. 29, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate-change-impacts-health

[25] R. Muharrami, R. Hidayati, and A. Turyanti, “Accute Respiratory Infections (Pneumonia) Incidence Rate in Children due to Climate Variables and Air Quality in Bogor,” Agromet, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 39–48, 2021, doi: 10.29244/j.agromet.35.1.39-48.

[26] D. K. Sari, M. Rahardjo, and T. Joko, “Hubungan Kondisi Lingkungan Fisik Rumah Dengan Kejadian Pneumonia Pada Anak Balita Di Kecamatan Pacitan Kabupaten Pacitan,” Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 2356–3346, 2018, [Online]. Available: http://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm

[27] T. A. Kumbasari, Budiyono, and N. A. Y. Dewanti, “Perbandingan Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita yang Tinggal di Dataran Tinggi dan Dataran Rendah Ditinjau dari Faktor Iklim Kota Semarang Tahun 2012-2016,” Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 898–905, 2017.

[28] Kementerian Kesehatan RI, “Bahaya Peningkatan Kasus Pneumonia di Indonesia Angkatan 1,” LMS Kemkes. [Online]. Available: https://lms.kemkes.go.id/courses/2f96bca2-840b-40a7-b400-612ddf0d5568

[29] D. P. Nickontara, Sahrun, and N. C. T. Setiawan, “Hubungan Berat Badan Lahir, Status Gizi, Dan Usia Terhadap Kejadian Pneumonia Pada Balita Di Rsud Praya,” Cakrawala Medika: Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 147–153, 2024, doi: 10.59981/sxhwra79.

[30] A. Riyanto and M. Megasari, “Pneumonia pada Balita Tidak Diberikan ASI Eksklusif dan Imunisasi DPT-HB-HIB,” Jik Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 197, 2021, doi: 10.33757/jik.v5i2.420.

[31] I. J. N. Azizah, A. A. Pravitasari, and R. S. Pontoh, “Identifikasi Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Kasus Pneumonia pada Balita di Kota Bandung Menggunakan Regresi Binomial Negatif,” Seminar Nasional Statistika Online 2020 (SNSO 2020), vol. 2020, no. Snso, 2020.

[32] J. Kim et al., “Effect of climate factors on the childhood pneumonia in papua new guinea: A time-series analysis,” Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 13, no. 2, 2016, doi: 10.3390/ijerph13020213.

[33] N. Fitriani, “Analisis Pengaruh Faktor Klimatologi Terhadap Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita di Kota Palembang Tahun 2019 - 2023,” Universitas Sriwijaya, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://repository.unsri.ac.id/165100/3/RAMA_13251_10031182126014_0929079002_01_front_ref.pdf